The Awakening :: Essays Papers

The Awakening Edna’s arousing, from the earliest starting point in Grand Isle, to her life in New Orleans lastly her passing back in Grand Isle, happens out of nowhere. She goes from a calm, held woman, to a straightforward, solid willed lady. Regardless of this emotional change, one trademark stayed consistent all through the book. She was extremely befuddled about what her identity was and what she needed throughout everyday life. She is sought after by Robert, and is astounded when affections for him mix inside her. Toward the start of the book, she excuses him, predominantly in light of the fact that she was hitched. â€Å"Mrs. Pontellier was happy he had not expected a comparative job toward herself. It would have been unsatisfactory and annoying.† As the weeks go on, her demeanor changes incredibly. Her reaction to Robert is one of adoration and energy. â€Å"I love you,† she murmured â€Å"only you, nobody however you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (page 179, fifth passage). Edna regularly doesn’t comprehend her feelings and what is happening in her mind, and she likewise often confuses them. In view of this she is a truly eccentric character, her activities and words are conflicting in their messages. â€Å"Edna Pontellier couldn't have explained why, wishing to go to the sea shore with Robert, she ought to in any case have declined, and in the runner up have followed in submission to one of the two conflicting driving forces which affected her. â€Å"Yes,† she said. â€Å"The years that are gone appear dreams-on the off chance that one may continue resting and dreaming-yet to wake up and discover goodness! well! maybe it is smarter to wake up all things considered, regardless of whether to endure, as opposed to stay a hoodwink to hallucinations all one’s life.† She appeared to invite her enlivening and, from the outset, delighted in it. There were disadvantages to it however, similarly as advantages. Individuals around her were profoundly harmed by a portion of her free, and in some cases self-assimilated, activities. By giving her affections for Robert access, she found enthusiasm, and yet, agony and misfortune. The idea of proceeding with her life the manner in which it was, and not having the option to be with Robert drove her to such hopelessness she arrived at the resolution it was in an ideal situation not living. As miserable as this appears, she found a sense of contentment with herself when she kicked the bucket, which eventually was all that she was taking a stab at.

Fowlers Toad essays

Fowler's Toad expositions Zebra mussels are channel feeders, and they are equipped for separating around one liter of water every day while taking care of essentially on green growth. They were shipped from Europe as stowaways in the weight water of transoceanic ships and posture huge social, financial The zebra mussel upsets natures evolved way of life. They evacuate about all molecule matter, by expelling huge measures of tiny fish from the water. They expel nourishment for tiny zooplankton, which thus are nourishment for fish hatchlings, adolescent fishes, and other microscopic fish taking care of search fish. These rummage fish support game and business fisheries. This opposition for tiny fish, the base of the marine natural way of life, could lastingly affect the fish populaces of the Great Lakes. Most rough regions of Lake Erie are totally canvassed in the mussel a few inches down. In a research facility perception, the collection in these beds makes a foul situation with exceptionally acidic water. Positive/Negative Effects on the Ecosystem In Lake Erie the zebra mussel has just decreased local mussels. The filthy water will decrease vitality stores of fish since they need to work more diligently to remain alive. It will likewise expand defenselessness to the next condition stresses. For example, outrageous water temperatures, absence of food, or parasites and malady. As zebra mussel spread, they may dispose of rarer types of mussels. The zebra mussel has improved the water lucidity of Lake Erie. The sifting of water may build the presentation people and creatures need to natural contaminations. Early examinations have demonstrated that the zebra mussel can gather natural poisons in their tissue to more then multiple times more prominent than focuses in the earth. They at that point store these poisons in their waste. These are at that point left behind the evolved way of life so any fish or waterfowl who co ... <!

I like to do the jumble sometimes

I like to do the jumble sometimes Now that its high season for interviews (especially for you early action folks), Ive been thinking back a bit to my college interviews. My MIT interview was with an elderly alum, known to me as Mr. Neighbours, who was one of MITs Educational Counselors, or ECs. He had retired to the town next to mine. I dont remember much from the interview except that it was at his house, which was quite dark, and seemed kinda scary to me. Nevertheless, he was nice if not particularly dynamic. He entered MIT just before the onset of World War II, and his MIT, while having the same values, was quite different from the MIT I would come to know (for example, there were many fewer humanities courses, student activities, and female students). I dont remember anything about the interview itself. It was interview season, and I was doing one every week or so. But with the 20-20 hindsight of an admissions officer, I suspect that interview helped me quite a bit. At MIT, the interview is an important part of the admissions process. The interview report is often one of the most helpful pieces of the application, since our interviewers ask the questions that we wish we could ask you. It supplies depth to your application, and often serves to amplify the strongest parts of your file. I remember several of my other interviews. My Dartmouth interviewer was so cool as to make it one of my new top choices (that, combined with a major in geography!). As you know, I ultimately didnt choose Dartmouth, but a nice alumna did make me consider it strongly. An alumnus of another Ivy League institution, on the other hand, asked me what made me special enough to attend his school. That was certainly a turn-off, though really the school is a fine place. So perhaps the lesson for this paragraph is, dont judge a school by its interviewer. I did keep up with Mr. Neighbours for a few years after I came to MIT. He was a great resource for me during the college selection process, and ultimately turned out to be a pretty good guy. I hope that youll also use your EC as a resource during the process and beyond. The best advice I can give you for the interview is to be yourself. Treat the interview as a conversation, and as an opprtunity for MIT to get to know the real you. And definitely schedule the interview early. If youre reading this, what are you waiting for? In other news, Im back in Boston briefly before heading to New Jersey and New York on Monday. Pirates of the Caribbean is on cable (I was shocked that the Academy did something right and nominated Johnny Depp for an Oscar). My time on the west coast was great, and I got to meet some really fantastic students (hi!). The biggest challenge in New York will be finding a friendly place to watch the Red Sox-Yankees games. I hope I make it out of New York alive.

An Overview Of Financial Management And The Financial...

An Overview of Financial Management and the Financial Environment Matthew Ellsworth Abstract Financial Management usually involves the process of planning, organizing and controlling the financial activities of any enterprise to achieve the goals and objectives in financial terms of that enterprise. The main objectives of financial management would be to create wealth for the business in terms of movable cash for the organization and to ensure that the target return in investments is meet at all times. The three key elements in financial management in simple terms may be put as a three step continuous process involving financial planning, financial control and financial decision-making. In this post, we will discuss the types of company ownerships, the objectives and the derivatives. Overview of Financial Management and Financial Environment Financial Management is concerned with achieving the overall goals of the business firm by acquiring, financing and controlling the assets of the firm. Financial Management can be described as an integrated decision-making process as it has a virtual impact on the achievement of the overall organizational goal. There are three key elements in financial management namely financial planning, financial control and financial decision-making. In financial planning the management needs to ensure that enough funding is available to meet the requirements of that business. Financial control is the most important activity whichShow MoreRelatedChapter 1 Overview of Financial Management Environment2510 Words   |  11 PagesCHAPTER 1 Overview of Financial Management Environment 1-1 Overview of Financial Management Role of financial management Forms of business organization Goals of the corporation Agency relationships 1-2 All Successful Firms Accomplish 2 Goals They identify, create, deliver products or services that are highly valued This happens only if the firm provides more value than its competitors (in the form of either lower prices or better products) They sell at prices high enough to cover costsRead MoreThe Marketing Handbook Critique762 Words   |  4 PagesIn The Marketing Plan Handbook, Chernev gives a simplified approach to writing marketing plans. It outlines the basic principles of writing a marketing plan and it puts emphasis on marketing as a value-management process. It incorporates the relevant aspects of the business, such as the financial, operational, technological and organizational aspects. Chernev states that marketing plans do not have to be lengthy but should contain need-to-know information and not so much nice-to-know informationRead MoreY-M-C-a! a Business Overview of a Non-Profit Organization Essay1723 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Overview of a Non-Profit Organization Crystal Hunter American Intercontinental University Abstract A semi-detailed business overview of the non-profit organization known as the YMCA or Young Men’s Christian Association is discussed. A brief history of the origins of the company is detailed along with the definition or explanation of the company’s mission statement. The organization’s basic legal, social, and economic environment is described. Likewise the YMCA’s management structureRead MoreCommonwealth Bank : A Public Company1045 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Asia Pacific Region. It is Australia’s leading provider of combined financial services including retail banking, premium banking, business banking, institutional banking, funds management, superannuation, insurance, investment and share broking products and services. Commonwealth Bank focuses on their key stakeholders such as employees, shareholders and customers. They ensure their employees have a safe working environment and have access to ongoing training development. They provide informa tionRead MoreThe Software Development Plan ( Sdp ) Essay708 Words   |  3 Pages1. Overview The software development plan (SDP) provides an overview of the schedule, tasks, and resources required to build and deliver the Bed and Breakfast room management tracker. This document will list, in detail, the project assumptions, deliverables, and schedule. 1.1 Summary 1.1.1 Purpose, Scope and Objectives The objectives of the RMT are to provide software to increase the efficiency of personnel managing small bed and breakfast company. By providing a software application to manage theRead MoreSample Resume : Mavericks Scheduling Service Essay1038 Words   |  5 Pages Table of Content I. INTRODUCTION A. Background and Context B. Project Summary C. Management D. Competitors and features E. Risk Management II. OVERVIEW A. Organization of work B. Introduction- general description and milestones C. Work planning and timetable D. Deliverables III. CONSORTIUM AND RESOURCES A. Consortium B. Financial resources IV. DETAILD DESCRIPTION OF WORK A. Work Packages Management I. INTRODUCTION A. Background and Context MSS (MaverickRead MoreBalanced Scorecard1453 Words   |  6 PagesScorecard Executive Summary â€Å"General Dynamics is one of the market leaders in business aviation, combat vehicles, weapon systems and munitions; ship building and marine systems; and mission-critical information systems and technology (Corporate Overview, 2012).† In 2012, General Dynamic’s revenue has expanded from $4 billion to over $32 billion and the workforce has steadily increased from 29,000 to over 95,000 employees. Currently General Dynamics consist of the following four divisions AerospaceRead MoreWealth Management Pdf1324 Words   |  6 Pagesresearchandmarkets.com/reports/655561/ Wealth Management in India Description: This Prefeasibility Report is a must read for those interested in setting up a project or having interest in the given sector. It provides the requisite inputs for setting up a specific project. These inputs range from broad market aspects to details like funding of the project, selection of location, plant and machinery plan etc. The report comes with a soft copy of a financial model. To check the viability of his/her projectRead MoreInternational Accounting1598 Words   |  7 PagesAYB 311 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING ISSUES Semester 1 2011 Dr Amedeo Pugliese Lecture 1 AYB 311 - Dr Amedeo Pugliese Overview of AYB 311: the Teaching Team Lecturer –†¯ Amedeo Pugliese Tutors –†¯ Amedeo Pugliese –†¯ Julie Greenhalgh –†¯ Kevin Plastow –†¯ Natalee Jennings –†¯ Sharron Genrich –†¯ Tereaze Hubner AYB 311 - Dr Amedeo Pugliese Overview of AYB 311: enrolment and objectives Prerequisite: -†¯AYB340 (formerly AYB220) Company Accounting Please notice: The unit-coordinator will not accept anyRead MoreComparitive Paper621 Words   |  3 PagesComparing the Financial Environments Yvonne Young Tricia Jenkins HCS/577 July 20 2015 Comparative Summary For Profit Organization, Not for Profit Organization, Government Organization Home Health Doctors without Borders, World Health Organization Financial structure * For profit organization (Home Health) 1. Combining profitable business with meaningful opportunities helping clients maintain quality of life. Contribution of staff

Dissociative Identity Disorder - 970 Words

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) is a severe condition in which two or more dissimilar identities, or character states, are present and alternately take control of an individual. The person experiences memory loss that is vaguely extensive to be explained as common forgetfulness. These symptoms are not taken in consideration for by seizures, substance abuse or any other medical conditions. Description of DID: Symptoms: At least three of the following symptoms must be present: (1) Callous unconcern towards the feelings of other individuals. (2) Unpleasant and relentless attitude of irresponsibility and disrespect for the social norms, rules, and obligations.†¦show more content†¦When evaluating children, it is also important to ensure that symptoms are distinguishable from imaginary play.†(American Psychiatric Association, 2000) Prevalence Co morbidity In clinical populations, the estimated prevalence of DID ranges from 0.5 to 1.0% (Maldonado, Butler, Spiegel, 2002). In the general population, estimates of prevalence are somewhat higher, ranging from 1-5% (Rubin Zorumski, 2005). Females are more likely to receive a diagnosis of DID, at a ratio of 9:1 (Lewis-Hall, 2002). This author also contends that the disproportionately high number of females diagnosed with DID dispels the notion that incestual abuse is largely responsible for the development of DID. High percentages of individuals with DID have comorbid diagnoses of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder or Borderline Personality Disorder (Gleaves, May, Cardeà ±a, 2001). In addition, individuals diagnosed with DID commonly have a previous diagnosis of Schizophrenia. However, this most likely represents a misdiagnosis rather than comorbidity, due to the fact that both disorders involve experiencing Schneiderian symptoms (ibid.). Other possible comorbid disorders involve substance abuse, eating disorders, somatoform disorders, problems of anxiety and mood, personality disorders, psychotic disorders, and organic mental disorders (ISSD, 2005), OCD, or some combination of conversion and somatoform disorder (Kaplan Sadock,Show MoreRelatedDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Disorder )1040 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a mental illness that is greatly misunderstood, much like many other mental illnesses. Nicholas Spanos, Professor of Psychology, hypothesized Multiple Personality Disorder as a defense against childhood trauma that creates â€Å"dissociation† or a split mental state. The trauma sustained during childhood is so substantial, that the individual creates different identities to cope with itRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Disorder )1194 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder is a disorder distinguished by the existence of two or more distinct personality states. It is also known as DID or Multiple Personality Disorder. It is very rare, with only 20,000 to 200,000 known US cases per year. Currently, there is no known cure, but treatment can sometimes help. Many believe that DID can be caused by a significant trauma and is used as a coping mechanism to help avoid bad memories. The disorders most often form in kids victim to long-term physicalRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2780 Words   |  12 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Imagine waking up in a new house, town, city, even state and not knowing how you got there. Now add onto that thought of forgetting almost a year of your life because someone else, or something, has taken over your body. That is just a look into dissociative disorders in general. Dissociative Disorders are ‘extreme distortions in perception and memory† (Terwilliger 2013). Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), or previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder, isRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2296 Words   |  9 Pagesdefines dissociative identity disorder (DID) as the occurrence of a minimum of two different personalities and maybe more than two. It also clarifies that the switching between the distinct personalities can be observed by the individual who is suffering from dissociative identity disorder or witnessed by others. (Barlow, 2014, P. 1). This disorder used to be known as multiple personality disorder, which is more recognized and understood to peop le without a psychology background. This disorder can beRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder1221 Words   |  5 PagesThis research paper is about Dissociative identity disorder (DID) as known as multiple personality disorder. DID in which a person could have many different parts to their personality due to severe stress and an experience of a trauma. A person with DID when the have control over their one identity they cannot remember what they did when their other identities were in control. Most of the time people with DID have two personalities but they could have more than two which is referred as alters. ThenRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder : Dissociative Identification Disorder1485 Words   |  6 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder is a mental disorder where an individual experiences two or more distinct personalities. When an individual is diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder, one personality has dominant control of an individual. This personality controls how a person may act and how they live everyday life. A person diagnosed with this disease may or may not be aware of their alternate personalities. Each personality is contrasting of each other withRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2158 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Dissociative Identity Disorder† Through out the years there has been many disorders that continue to be diagnosed on people, many can be difficult to deal with. Some of these disorders can be uncontrollable and can make it harder on the patients who are trying to get better. Disorders are not sicknesses that can be cured and gone with a couple of doses of medicine, disorders are serious problems a person has to deal with usually if not for a large amount of time, it can be every day for the restRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder1030 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Defining what is abnormal is not necessarily easy. There are many different criteria to determine what exactly is normal and what is abnormal. According to Ciccarelli and White (2012) as early as 3000 B.C.E. there have been human skulls found with holes in them. Archaeologists suspect this was caused because of the treatments they had years ago such as â€Å"trepanning†. Trepanning is done nowadays as well to remove extra fluids from the brain, as for years ago doctors didRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Personality )1254 Words   |  6 PagesDissociative identity disorder (previously known as multiple personality disorder) is thought to be a complex mental condition that is likely brought on by numerous variables, including serious injury amid early adolescence generally compelling, repetitive physical, sexual, or psychological mistreatment. The greater part of us have encountered mild dissociation, which resemble wandering off in fantasy land or losing all sense of direction at the time while taking a shot at an undertaking. In anyRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder1678 Words   |  7 PagesDissociation is defined as â€Å"a mental process, which produces a lack of connection in a person s thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity† (Grohol, 2016). The Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a severe condition in which two or more separate, distinct identities or personality states are present in an individual. In other words, a person has, what seems like, actual distinct and contrasting people in their head and these â€Å"alters† are able to take control of an individual’s

Pie 123 Free Essays

1. External  economies  of  scale  arise  when  the  cost  per  unit A. rises  as  the  industry  grows  larger. We will write a custom essay sample on Pie 123 or any similar topic only for you Order Now B. falls  as  the  industry  grows  larger  rises  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. C. falls  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. D. remains  constant. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 2. Internal  economies  of  scale  arise  when  the  cost  per  unit A. rises  as  the  industry  grows  larger. B. falls  as  the  industry  grows  larger. C. rises  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. D. falls  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 3. External  economies  of  scale A. ay  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. B. cannot  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. C. tends  to  result  in  one  huge  monopoly. D. tends  to  result  in  large  profits  for  each  firm. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 4. Internal   economies  of  scale A. may  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. B. cannot  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. C. are  associated  only  with  sophisticated  products  such  as  aircraft. D. cannot  form  the  basis  for  international  trade  . E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 5. A  monopolistic  firm A. an  sell  as  much  as  it  wants  for  any  price  it  determines  in  the  market. B. cannot  determine  the  price,  which  is  determined  by  consumer  demand. C. will  never  sell  a  product  whose  demand  is  inelastic  at  the  quantity  sold. D. cannot  sell  additional  quantity  unless  it  raises  the  price  on  each  unit. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C 7 6. Monopolistic  competition  is  associated  with A. cut-throat  price  competition. B. product  differentiation. C. explicit  consideration  at  firm  level  of  the  feedback  effects  of  other  firms’ pricing  decisions. D. high  profit  margins. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 29. Two  countries  engaged  in  trade  in  products  with  no  scale  economies,  produced under  conditions  of  perfect  competition,  are  likely  to  be  engaged  in A. monopolistic  competition. B. inter-industry  trade. C. intra-industry  trade. D. Heckscher-Ohlin  trade. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 19. A  monopoly  firm  engaged  in  international  trade  will A. equate  average  to  local  costs. B. equate  marginal  costs  with  foreign  marginal  revenues. C. equate  marginal  costs  with  the  highest  price  the  market  will  bear. D. equate  marginal  costs  with  marginal  revenues  in  both  domestic  and  in foreign  markets. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 9. Where  there  are  economies  of  scale,  the  scale  of  production  possible  in  a  country is  constrained  by A. the  size  of  the  country. B. the  size  of  the  trading  partner’s  country. C. the  size  of  the  domestic  market. D. the  size  of  the  domestic  plus  the  foreign  market. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D Brown field : , Green field : 21. A  firm  in  monopolistic  competition A. earns  positive  monopoly  profits  because  each  sells  a  differentiated product. B. earns  positive  oligopoly  profits  because  each  firm  sells  a  differentiated product. C. earns  zero  economic  profits  because  it  is  in  perfectly  or  pure  competition. D. earns  zero  economic  profits  because  of  free  entry. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 16. International  trade  based  on  scale  economies  is  likely  to  be  associated  with A. Ricardian  comparative  advantage. B. comparative  advantage  associated  with  Heckscher-Ohlin  factor- proportions. C. comparative  advantage  based  on  quality  and  service. D. comparative  advantage  based  on  diminishing  returns. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  E ———————————————Ch7———————————————- . The  effective  rate  of  protection  measures A. the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"true†Ã‚  ad  valorum  value  of  a  tariff. B. the  quota  equivalent  value  of  a  tariff. C. the  efficiency  with  which  the  tariff  is  collected  at  the  customhouse. D. the  protection  given  by  the  tariff  to  domestic  value  added. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 1. Specific  tariffs  are A. import  taxes  stated  in  specific  legal  statutes. B. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fixed  charge  for  each  unit  of  imported  goods. C. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fraction  of  the  value  of  the  imported  goods. D. the  same  as  import  quotas. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B . Ad  valorem  tariffs  are A. import  taxes  stated  in  ads  in  industry  publications. B. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fixed  charge  for  each  unit  of  imported  goods. A. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fraction  of  the  value  of  the  imported  goods. B. the  same  as  import  quotas C. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C The  main  redistribution  effect  of  a  tariff  is  the  transfer  of  income  from A. domestic  producers  to  domestic  buyers. B. domestic  buyers  to  domestic  producers. C. domestic  producers  to  domestic  government. D. domestic  government  to  domestic  consumers. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 21. Which  of  the  following  policies  permits  a  specified  quantity  of  goods  to  be imported  at  one  tariff  rate  and  a  higher  tariff  rate  to  imports  above  this  quantity? A. Import  tariff B. Voluntary  exports  restraint C. Tariff  quota D. Ad  valorum  tariff E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C 22. Should  the  home  country  be  Ã¢â‚¬Å"large†Ã‚  relative  to  its  trade  partners,  its  imposition  of a  tariff  on  imports  would  lead  to  an  increase  in  domestic  welfare  if  the  terms  of the  trade  rectangle  exceed  the  sum  of  the A. revenue  effect  plus  redistribution  effect. B. protective  effect  plus  revenue  effect. C. consumption  effect  plus  redistribution  effect. D. protective  distortion  effect  plus  consumption  distortion  effect. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D An import quota: Is always more costly to a country than an import tariff. Has the same effects on welfare as an import tariff. Generates rents that might go to foreigners. Is always less costly to a country than an import tariff. - - ? ? ——————————-Ch9——————————————- 27. The  imperfect  capital  market  justification  for  infant  industry  promotion A. Assumes  that  new  industries  will  tend  to  have  low  profits. B. Assumes  that  infant  industries  will  soon  mature. C. Assumes  that  infant  industries  will  be  in  products  of  comparative advantage. D. Assumes  that  banks  can  allocate  resources  efficiently. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 2. Sophisticated  theoretical  arguments  supporting  import-substitution  policies include A. Terms  of  trade  effects. B. Scale  economy  arguments. C. Learning  curve  considerations. D. The  problem  of  appropriability. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 14. Which  industrialization  policy  used  by  developing  countries  places  emphasis  on the  comparative  advantage  principle  as  a  guide  to  resource  allocation? A. Export  promotion. B. Import  substitution. C. International  commodity  agreements. D. Infant  Industry  promotion. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 1. The  infant  industry  argument  was  an  important  theoretical  basis  for A. Neo-colonialist  theory  of  international  exploitation. B. Import  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  substituting  industrialization. C. Historiography  of  the  industrial  revolution  in  Western  Europe. D. East-Asian  miracle. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 6. The  wage  differential  theory  which  argued  that  shifting  resources  from  agriculture to  manufacturing  entailed  positive  social  benefits  implied  that A. Free  trade  policies  would  promote  competitiveness. B. Free  trade  policies  would  promote  economic  growth  for  both  static  and dynamic  reasons. C. Protectionism  was  likely  to  lead  to  economic  stagnation. D. Protectionism  and  import  substitution  was  likely  to  promote  economic growth. Answer:  D 12. Which  trade  strategy  have  developing  countries  used  to  restrict  imports  of manufactured  goods  so  that  the  domestic  market  is  preserved  for  home  producers, who  thus  can  take  over  markets  already  established  in  the  country? A. International  commodity  agreement. B. Export  promotion. C. Multilateral  contract. D. Import  substitution. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 18. Import  substitution  policies  make  use  of A. Tariffs  that  discourage  goods  from  entering  a  country. B. Quotas  applied  to  goods  that  are  shipped  abroad. C. Production  subsidies  granted  to  industries  with  comparative  advantage. D. Tax  breaks  granted  to  industries  with  comparative  advantage. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 25. The  infant  industry  argument  is  that A. Comparative  advantage  is  irrelevant  to  economic  growth B. Developing  countries  have  a  comparative  advantage  in  agricultural  goods. C. Developing  countries  have  a  comparative  advantage  in  manufacturing. D. Developing  countries  have  a  potential  comparative  advantage  in manufacturing. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 26. The  infant  industry  argument  calls  for  active  government  involvement A. Only  if  the  government  forecasts  are  accurate. B. Only  if  some  market  failure  can  be  identified. C. Only  if  the  industry  is  not  one  already  dominated  by  industrial  countries. D. Only  if  the  industry  has  a  high  value  added. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 30. Import  substitution  policies  have  over  time  tended  to  involve  all  but  the  following A. Overlapping  import  quotas. B. Exchange  controls. C. Domestic  content  rules. D. Simple  tariffs. E. Multiple  exchange  rate  schemes. Answer:  D 35. The  HPAE  (High  Performance  Asian  Economies)  countries A. Have  all  consistently  supported  free  trade  policies. B. Have  all  consistently  maintained  import-substitution  policies. C. Have  all  consistently  maintained  non-biased  efficient  free  capital  markets . D. Have  all  maintained  openness  to  international  trade. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D ================================ch11========================== 1. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  Pakistan  and India  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Pakistan  and  India  fall  between  lower-middle  and  upper-middle Answer:  A 2. While  many  developing  countries  have  reformed  their  economies  in  order  to imitate  the  success  of  the  successful  industrial  economies,  the  process  remains incomplete  and  most  developing  countries  tend  to  be  characterized  by  all  of  the following  except: A. Seigniorage B. Control  of  capital  movements  by  limiting  foreign  exchange  transactions connected  with  trade  in  assets. C. Use  of  natural  resources  or  agricultural  commodities  as  an  important  share of  exports. D. A  worse  job  of  directing  savings  toward  their  most  efficient  investment uses. E. Reduced  corruption  and  poverty  due  to  limited  underground  markets. Answer:  E 4. Compared  with  industrialized  economies,  most  developing  countries  are  poor  in the  factors  of  production  essential  to  modern  industry:  These  factors  are A. capital  and  skilled  labor B. capital  and  unskilled  labor C. fertile  land  and  unskilled  labor D. fertile  land  and  skilled  labor E. water  and  capital Answer:  A 5. The  main  factors  that  discourage  investment  in  capital  and  skills  in  developing countries  are: A. olitical  instability,  insecure  property  rights B. political  instability,  insecure  property  rights,  misguided  economic  policies C. political  instability,  misguided  economic  po licies D. political  instability E. insecure  property  rights,  misguided  economic  policies Answer:  B 6. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  sub-Saharan Africa  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Sub-Saharan  Africa  falls  between  lower-middle  and  upper-middle Answer:  A 7. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  mainland China  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income Answer:  B 8. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  smaller Latin  American  and  Caribbean  countries  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Smaller  Latin  American  and  Caribbean  countries  fall  between  low  income and  lower  middle  income Answer:  D 9. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Saudi Arabia  falls  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Saudi  Arabia  falls  between  low  income  and  lower  middle  income economies Answer:  B 10. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Turkey falls  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Turkey  falls  between  low  income  and  lower  middle  income  economies Answer:  B 11. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Poland, Hungary,  and  the  Czech  and  Slovak  Republics  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Poland,  Hungary,  and  the  Czech  and  Slovak  Republics  fall  between  low income  and  lower  middle  income  economies Answer:  B How to cite Pie 123, Essay examples Pie 123 Free Essays 1. External  economies  of  scale  arise  when  the  cost  per  unit A. rises  as  the  industry  grows  larger. We will write a custom essay sample on Pie 123 or any similar topic only for you Order Now B. falls  as  the  industry  grows  larger  rises  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. C. falls  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. D. remains  constant. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 2. Internal  economies  of  scale  arise  when  the  cost  per  unit A. rises  as  the  industry  grows  larger. B. falls  as  the  industry  grows  larger. C. rises  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. D. falls  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 3. External  economies  of  scale A. ay  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. B. cannot  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. C. tends  to  result  in  one  huge  monopoly. D. tends  to  result  in  large  profits  for  each  firm. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 4. Internal   economies  of  scale A. may  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. B. cannot  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. C. are  associated  only  with  sophisticated  products  such  as  aircraft. D. cannot  form  the  basis  for  international  trade  . E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 5. A  monopolistic  firm A. an  sell  as  much  as  it  wants  for  any  price  it  determines  in  the  market. B. cannot  determine  the  price,  which  is  determined  by  consumer  demand. C. will  never  sell  a  product  whose  demand  is  inelastic  at  the  quantity  sold. D. cannot  sell  additional  quantity  unless  it  raises  the  price  on  each  unit. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C 7 6. Monopolistic  competition  is  associated  with A. cut-throat  price  competition. B. product  differentiation. C. explicit  consideration  at  firm  level  of  the  feedback  effects  of  other  firms’ pricing  decisions. D. high  profit  margins. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 29. Two  countries  engaged  in  trade  in  products  with  no  scale  economies,  produced under  conditions  of  perfect  competition,  are  likely  to  be  engaged  in A. monopolistic  competition. B. inter-industry  trade. C. intra-industry  trade. D. Heckscher-Ohlin  trade. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 19. A  monopoly  firm  engaged  in  international  trade  will A. equate  average  to  local  costs. B. equate  marginal  costs  with  foreign  marginal  revenues. C. equate  marginal  costs  with  the  highest  price  the  market  will  bear. D. equate  marginal  costs  with  marginal  revenues  in  both  domestic  and  in foreign  markets. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 9. Where  there  are  economies  of  scale,  the  scale  of  production  possible  in  a  country is  constrained  by A. the  size  of  the  country. B. the  size  of  the  trading  partner’s  country. C. the  size  of  the  domestic  market. D. the  size  of  the  domestic  plus  the  foreign  market. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D Brown field : , Green field : 21. A  firm  in  monopolistic  competition A. earns  positive  monopoly  profits  because  each  sells  a  differentiated product. B. earns  positive  oligopoly  profits  because  each  firm  sells  a  differentiated product. C. earns  zero  economic  profits  because  it  is  in  perfectly  or  pure  competition. D. earns  zero  economic  profits  because  of  free  entry. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 16. International  trade  based  on  scale  economies  is  likely  to  be  associated  with A. Ricardian  comparative  advantage. B. comparative  advantage  associated  with  Heckscher-Ohlin  factor- proportions. C. comparative  advantage  based  on  quality  and  service. D. comparative  advantage  based  on  diminishing  returns. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  E ———————————————Ch7———————————————- . The  effective  rate  of  protection  measures A. the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"true†Ã‚  ad  valorum  value  of  a  tariff. B. the  quota  equivalent  value  of  a  tariff. C. the  efficiency  with  which  the  tariff  is  collected  at  the  customhouse. D. the  protection  given  by  the  tariff  to  domestic  value  added. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 1. Specific  tariffs  are A. import  taxes  stated  in  specific  legal  statutes. B. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fixed  charge  for  each  unit  of  imported  goods. C. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fraction  of  the  value  of  the  imported  goods. D. the  same  as  import  quotas. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B . Ad  valorem  tariffs  are A. import  taxes  stated  in  ads  in  industry  publications. B. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fixed  charge  for  each  unit  of  imported  goods. A. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fraction  of  the  value  of  the  imported  goods. B. the  same  as  import  quotas C. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C The  main  redistribution  effect  of  a  tariff  is  the  transfer  of  income  from A. domestic  producers  to  domestic  buyers. B. domestic  buyers  to  domestic  producers. C. domestic  producers  to  domestic  government. D. domestic  government  to  domestic  consumers. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 21. Which  of  the  following  policies  permits  a  specified  quantity  of  goods  to  be imported  at  one  tariff  rate  and  a  higher  tariff  rate  to  imports  above  this  quantity? A. Import  tariff B. Voluntary  exports  restraint C. Tariff  quota D. Ad  valorum  tariff E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C 22. Should  the  home  country  be  Ã¢â‚¬Å"large†Ã‚  relative  to  its  trade  partners,  its  imposition  of a  tariff  on  imports  would  lead  to  an  increase  in  domestic  welfare  if  the  terms  of the  trade  rectangle  exceed  the  sum  of  the A. revenue  effect  plus  redistribution  effect. B. protective  effect  plus  revenue  effect. C. consumption  effect  plus  redistribution  effect. D. protective  distortion  effect  plus  consumption  distortion  effect. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D An import quota: Is always more costly to a country than an import tariff. Has the same effects on welfare as an import tariff. Generates rents that might go to foreigners. Is always less costly to a country than an import tariff. - - ? ? ——————————-Ch9——————————————- 27. The  imperfect  capital  market  justification  for  infant  industry  promotion A. Assumes  that  new  industries  will  tend  to  have  low  profits. B. Assumes  that  infant  industries  will  soon  mature. C. Assumes  that  infant  industries  will  be  in  products  of  comparative advantage. D. Assumes  that  banks  can  allocate  resources  efficiently. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 2. Sophisticated  theoretical  arguments  supporting  import-substitution  policies include A. Terms  of  trade  effects. B. Scale  economy  arguments. C. Learning  curve  considerations. D. The  problem  of  appropriability. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 14. Which  industrialization  policy  used  by  developing  countries  places  emphasis  on the  comparative  advantage  principle  as  a  guide  to  resource  allocation? A. Export  promotion. B. Import  substitution. C. International  commodity  agreements. D. Infant  Industry  promotion. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 1. The  infant  industry  argument  was  an  important  theoretical  basis  for A. Neo-colonialist  theory  of  international  exploitation. B. Import  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  substituting  industrialization. C. Historiography  of  the  industrial  revolution  in  Western  Europe. D. East-Asian  miracle. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 6. The  wage  differential  theory  which  argued  that  shifting  resources  from  agriculture to  manufacturing  entailed  positive  social  benefits  implied  that A. Free  trade  policies  would  promote  competitiveness. B. Free  trade  policies  would  promote  economic  growth  for  both  static  and dynamic  reasons. C. Protectionism  was  likely  to  lead  to  economic  stagnation. D. Protectionism  and  import  substitution  was  likely  to  promote  economic growth. Answer:  D 12. Which  trade  strategy  have  developing  countries  used  to  restrict  imports  of manufactured  goods  so  that  the  domestic  market  is  preserved  for  home  producers, who  thus  can  take  over  markets  already  established  in  the  country? A. International  commodity  agreement. B. Export  promotion. C. Multilateral  contract. D. Import  substitution. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 18. Import  substitution  policies  make  use  of A. Tariffs  that  discourage  goods  from  entering  a  country. B. Quotas  applied  to  goods  that  are  shipped  abroad. C. Production  subsidies  granted  to  industries  with  comparative  advantage. D. Tax  breaks  granted  to  industries  with  comparative  advantage. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 25. The  infant  industry  argument  is  that A. Comparative  advantage  is  irrelevant  to  economic  growth B. Developing  countries  have  a  comparative  advantage  in  agricultural  goods. C. Developing  countries  have  a  comparative  advantage  in  manufacturing. D. Developing  countries  have  a  potential  comparative  advantage  in manufacturing. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 26. The  infant  industry  argument  calls  for  active  government  involvement A. Only  if  the  government  forecasts  are  accurate. B. Only  if  some  market  failure  can  be  identified. C. Only  if  the  industry  is  not  one  already  dominated  by  industrial  countries. D. Only  if  the  industry  has  a  high  value  added. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 30. Import  substitution  policies  have  over  time  tended  to  involve  all  but  the  following A. Overlapping  import  quotas. B. Exchange  controls. C. Domestic  content  rules. D. Simple  tariffs. E. Multiple  exchange  rate  schemes. Answer:  D 35. The  HPAE  (High  Performance  Asian  Economies)  countries A. Have  all  consistently  supported  free  trade  policies. B. Have  all  consistently  maintained  import-substitution  policies. C. Have  all  consistently  maintained  non-biased  efficient  free  capital  markets . D. Have  all  maintained  openness  to  international  trade. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D ================================ch11========================== 1. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  Pakistan  and India  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Pakistan  and  India  fall  between  lower-middle  and  upper-middle Answer:  A 2. While  many  developing  countries  have  reformed  their  economies  in  order  to imitate  the  success  of  the  successful  industrial  economies,  the  process  remains incomplete  and  most  developing  countries  tend  to  be  characterized  by  all  of  the following  except: A. Seigniorage B. Control  of  capital  movements  by  limiting  foreign  exchange  transactions connected  with  trade  in  assets. C. Use  of  natural  resources  or  agricultural  commodities  as  an  important  share of  exports. D. A  worse  job  of  directing  savings  toward  their  most  efficient  investment uses. E. Reduced  corruption  and  poverty  due  to  limited  underground  markets. Answer:  E 4. Compared  with  industrialized  economies,  most  developing  countries  are  poor  in the  factors  of  production  essential  to  modern  industry:  These  factors  are A. capital  and  skilled  labor B. capital  and  unskilled  labor C. fertile  land  and  unskilled  labor D. fertile  land  and  skilled  labor E. water  and  capital Answer:  A 5. The  main  factors  that  discourage  investment  in  capital  and  skills  in  developing countries  are: A. olitical  instability,  insecure  property  rights B. political  instability,  insecure  property  rights,  misguided  economic  policies C. political  instability,  misguided  economic  po licies D. political  instability E. insecure  property  rights,  misguided  economic  policies Answer:  B 6. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  sub-Saharan Africa  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Sub-Saharan  Africa  falls  between  lower-middle  and  upper-middle Answer:  A 7. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  mainland China  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income Answer:  B 8. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  smaller Latin  American  and  Caribbean  countries  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Smaller  Latin  American  and  Caribbean  countries  fall  between  low  income and  lower  middle  income Answer:  D 9. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Saudi Arabia  falls  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Saudi  Arabia  falls  between  low  income  and  lower  middle  income economies Answer:  B 10. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Turkey falls  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Turkey  falls  between  low  income  and  lower  middle  income  economies Answer:  B 11. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Poland, Hungary,  and  the  Czech  and  Slovak  Republics  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Poland,  Hungary,  and  the  Czech  and  Slovak  Republics  fall  between  low income  and  lower  middle  income  economies Answer:  B How to cite Pie 123, Papers

Factors behind Unemployment Rate

Question: Identify the reasons behind growing unemployment in the Europe including OECD countries. Answer: Introduction Rising unemployment is a severe threat to an economy. To resolve the problem, it is necessary to identify the factors responsible for it. In this paper, three scholar articles have been analysed. The selected articles are Capital accumulation, labour market institutions and unemployment in the medium run by Stockhammer and Klar (2011); Capital Formation And Unemployment by Rowthorn (1995) and The Role of Shocks and Institutions in the Rise of European Unemployment: the Aggregate Evidence by Blanchard and Wolfers (2000). These articles tried to identify the reasons behind growing unemployment in the Europe including OECD countries. At first, the major findings and arguments of the authors in respective articles have been discussed. Further, this paper has mentioned how the articles are related to each other. At the end, policy recommendations are discussed that can help to deal the problem of unemployment, based on the given articles. Factors responsible for rising unemployment Stockhammer and Klar (2011) have focused on how unemployment is determined by the labor market institutions. However, empirical studies showed that capital accumulation has significant impact on unemployment. It has been claimed that, there is no proof that less labor market rigidity can reduce the level of unemployment. Moreover, non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) could not be declined by removing labor market rigidities in OECD countries. Keynesian views states that there is inverse relationship between capital accumulation and unemployment (Stockhammer and Klar 2011, p. 438). The article by Stockhammer and Klar (2011) emphasized on role of capital accumulations role in explaining unemployment. They argued that benefit duration and union density are statistically significant. Bargaining system with a higher degree of employees covered by collective bargaining features lower unemployment. These two variables have positive association. The variable collective bar gaining coverage is negatively correlated to union density. Moreover, employment protection legislation is positively related but insignificant. The author has also found that an increase in capital accumulation by 1% reduces rate of unemployment by 0.87% point with time effect and by 0.92% point without time effect (Stockhammer and Klar 2011, p.449). They argued that inflation rate has insignificant impact on unemployment rate. This article has discussed interaction between labor market institutions and macroeconomic shocks as well as interactions among themselves. Some interactions are reinforcing and some are perverse. Higher interest rate can reduce the unemployment if benefit duration in lengthy and employment protection reduces unemployment if unemployment is low. Rowthorn (1995, p.27) has examined the relationship between employment and the capital stock. He argued that low investment rate in Western Europe was responsible for increasing unemployment in the region. Measures like education, training and labor market reform can be effective in reducing unemployment only if the sufficient investment is made in order to improve productive capacity (Rowthorn 1995, p.27). Moreover, he argued that employment could be generated only through increasing capital stock, instead of generating it on existing capital stock. Evidence has found that short-term oil shock led to increase in non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment due to loss of capital stock (Rowthorn 1995, p.27). According to his findings, growth rate of labor productivity permits the market to operate with less unemployment; it provides a way through which investment can decrease unemployment in the medium term. Rowthorn (1995, p.35) has also focused in explaining why investment has f allen in OECD countries. He argued that long-term real interest rate should be reduced and there is no short-term constraint on expansion arising from capacity shortage. It is argued that quality of labor supply should be improved. Labor market policies encourage job creation on existing capital stock, but the author argued that these policies actually form capital, which in turn will raise the employment rate in the economy. Blanchard and Wolfers (2000, p.C1) discussed with evidence how economic shocks and institutions increase the unemployment in Europe. Fall in total factor productivity causes rise in equilibrium unemployment rate. However, this is not permanent, as once expectations is adjusted unemployment will tend to fall. This fall in TFP cannot explain the rising trend of unemployment over twenty years, in Europe. The authors (2000, p.C6) have found that real interest rate was negative in the second half to 1970s and then again large during 1980s and 1990s. They argued that these changes will affect the capital accumulation at a given wage rate and demand for labor will be shifted. However, these real interest rate fluctuations have little impact on long run unemployment. When the interest rate is very low, it delays the unemployment rate and due to high rate of real interest, unemployment rises. Blanchard and Wolfers (2000, p.C6) have also mentioned that labor share fell strikingly during 1980s, after being high in 1970s. Due to fall in TFP, demand for labor falls and unemployment increases. These authors have also stated that labor market institutions increase unemployment and change the nature of unemployment. However, some labor market institutions have effect neither on rate nor on nature. This article has also mentioned that collective bargaining; higher minimum wage raises the unemployment. The three given articles focus on explaining the factors that lead to unemployment in the Europe. The articles by Stockhammer and Klar (2011) and Rowthron (1995) identified capital accumulation as major factor behind the rising unemployment. Both articles argued the similar thing that states that for a reduction in unemployment, capital accumulation is required through investment. Another article Blanchard and Wolfers (2000) mentioned the role of labor market institutions in explaining the rate of unemployment, as also stated by Stockhammer and Klar (2011). Moreover, this article emphasis on two factors which explain short-term rise in unemployment, such as TFP and real interest rate (Blanchard and Wolfers 2000). There is a difference between the articles by Blanchard and Wolfers (2000) and Stockhammer and Klar (2011). The first one identified role of labor market institutions as significant, however, the later one mentioned its role but stated that the impact is insignificant. The f actors identified are mostly same in all given articles; the differences lie in the approach and other factors identified in this regard. Conclusion From the above discussion, it has been found that unemployment cannot be reduced after a certain level as that may lead to a rise in the inflation rate. According to the arguments of these three articles, policies can be recommended to reduce unemployment from an economy. It has been argued by the authors that with the help of capital accumulation, the unemployment can be reduced. Hence, the government or policy makers should target to increase investment in the economy for more capital accumulation so that productivity increases and labor demand rises. The labor market institutions must be controlled as some of its measures like unemployment benefits, lead to rise in unemployment. Rowthron suggested in his article, to stress on labor-market policies along with stimulation of capital stock. By controlling real interest rate, the impact of unemployment can be changed. It is recommended that the policy should be focused on good markets rather than labor market, in order to reduce unemp loyment. The policy prescriptions should be modified in a way that it does not discourage the labor force participation and reduce demand for labor; and the most effective way is to stimulate capital formation. References Blanchard, O. and Wolfers, J. (2000). The Role of Shocks and Institutions in the Rise of European Unemployment: the Aggregate Evidence.Economic Journal, 110(462), pp.1-33. Rowthorn, R. (1995). Capital Formation And Unemployment.Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 11(1), pp.26-39. Stockhammer, E. and Klar, E. (2011). Capital accumulation, labour market institutions and unemployment in the medium run.Cambridge Journal of Economics, 35, pp.437-457.